Australia, located in the Southern Hemisphere, is both a country and a continent renowned for its diverse landscapes, including famous beaches, arid deserts, tropical rainforests, and mountains. With a population of about 25 million, it boasts significant ethnic and cultural diversity. Its capital is Canberra, and major cities include Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane. The first inhabitants were Indigenous Australians, arriving at least 65,000 years ago, and European colonization began in 1788. The Australian economy relies on sectors such as mining, agriculture, and tourism. English is the official language, and the country is famous for its unique wildlife, including kangaroos and koalas, as well as iconic sites like the Great Barrier Reef and the Sydney Opera House.